An Introduction to Indigenous Health and Healthcare in Canada: Bridging Health and Healing

Preface
Origins of This Text
Suggestions By Students
Purpose of This Text
Acknowledgments
Guidelines for Faculty
Who Should Use This Book
What This Book is About
How This Book is Organized
How to Use This Book
Part 1: Indigenous Culture and Health
Chapter 1: Introduction: First Nations, Metis and Inuit in Canada : Understanding the Issues
Multiculturalism
A Part of the Candian Cultural Masaic
A Founding Nation of Canada
Demographics of Canada’S Native Population
First Nations
Inuit
Metis
Urban Indigenous Peoples
Indigenous Peoples in Canada
Ottawa Charter
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples and the Romanow Report
Easing Demands on Resources
Critical Thinking Exercise—Thinking About Difference
References and Further Reading
Chapter 2: Western and Indigenous Ways of Knowing
Indigenous Ways of Knowing
Example
Other Ways of Knowing
Recognizing Individuality
Epistemology and Ontology
Being and Knowing in Time
Historical Epistemology
Traditional Indigenous Epistemology
Professional Flexibility
Biomedicine Versus Tradition
Nonmodern Epistemology
Epistemological Accommodation
Recognizing and Respecting Difference
Critical Thinking Exercise—How Modern are You?
References and Further Reading
Chapter 3: Cultural Competency, Cultural Sensitivity and Cultural Safety
Modern Healthcare in the 21st Century
A Kinder, Gentler Healthcare?
Three Models of Intercultural Care
Cultural Sensitivity
Cultural Competency
Cultural Safety
Professional Standards and Indigenous Understanding
Epistemological Accommodation and Cultural Safety
Critical Thinking Exercise—Sensitivity, Safety and Competence
References and Further Reading
Chapter 4: Historical Overview
Pre-Contact History
Indigenous Farmers
Villages and Laws
Nomadic Hunters
Fishers of the Coast
The Inuit
Health and Welfare
Disease Before Contact
European Contact
Disease and Conquest
Disease Impacts
Some Imported Diseases
Map of the 1775–1782 Smallpox Epidemic
The Fur Trade
Trade Partnerships
Political Issues Around the Fur Trade Today
Settlement and Traditional Economies
Settlement and Colonization
Indigenous Title in Canada
Reserve System in Canada
Reserves in Eastern Canada
Reserves on the Prairies
Reserves in British Columbia
Reserves in the North
Indian Act, 1876
Official Ideology of Assimilation
Government Policy and the Indian Act
Assimilation and Resistance
Residential Schools
Residential Schools and Abuse
Testimonies of Abuse
Health and Welfare
Constitution Act of 1982
Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Devolution of the Healthcare System
The Movement Toward Autonomy
Problems in Health Coverage
Jordan’S Principle
International Attention to Indigenous Peoples
Indigenous Health and Welfare Today
Economic and Cultural Security
Finding Opportunities
The Meaning of Health in Different Cultures
Decolonizing Health?
Indigenous Health Indicators
Cancer and Heart Disease
Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Health Concerns
Conclusion—A Turbulent Passage
Critical Thinking Exercise—Situating the Indigenous peoples of Canada in Our History
References and Further Reading
Part 2: Indigenous Health and the Canadian Healthcare System
Chapter 5: Understanding the Determinants of Health and Canada’s Native Population
What is Population Health?
What are the Determinants of Health?
Income and Social Status
Social Support Networks
Education and Literacy
Employment and Working Conditions
Social Environment
Personal Health Practices
Healthy Child Development
Biology and Genetic Endowment
Health Services
Gender
Culture
Physical Environment
Ecosystem Health
Indigenous Cultural Identity
Critical Thinking Exercise
References and Further Reading
Chapter 6: Diabetes, Diet and Nutrition
Growth of Indigenous Diabetes Since 1980
Growth of Indigenous Diabetes and Non-Indigenous Diabetes
Statistics
Disease Etiology
Types of Diabetes
Symptoms
Associated Health Conditions
Post-Diabetic End-Stage Renal Disease
Gangrene
Coronary Artery Disease
Erectile Dysfunction
Financial Burden of Diabetes
Causes of Indigenous Diabetes
Barriers to a Healthy Market Diet Among Indigenous Populations
Obesity
Lifestyle Factors
Mental and Spiritual Issues
Indigenous Culture and Childhood Diet
Access to Healthcare Services
Thrifty Gene Theory
Treatment
Approaches that Work
Case Study—Sandy Lake, Ontario
Case Study—Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project
Case Study—Healthy Food Parcels
Critical Thinking Exercises
References and Further Reading
Chapter 7: Chronic and Infectious Diseases
What are Chronic Diseases?
Primary Risk Factors
Community Risk Factors
Managing Risk
Chronic Disease in the Indigenous Population
Obesity
Otitis Media
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic Respiratory Disease (Asthma)
Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer
Disabilities
Arthritis
Renal Disease
Digestive Disorders
What are Infectious Diseases?
Respiratory Diseases
Tuberculosis
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Critical Thinking Exercises
References and Further Reading
Chapter 8: Women’s and Children’s Health
Women’S Health
History and Change
Children’S Health
Critical Thinking Exercise
References and Further Reading
Chapter 9: Mental Health
Dsm 5 Classification of Mental Illness and Indigenous Peoples
Mental Health and Indigenous Peoples
Fasd and Culture
Residential School Syndrome
Depression
Violence
Suicide
Case Study: Innu of Davis Inlet
Accidents and Injuries
Interconnections Between Causes
Why Should Non-Indigenous People Care?
Critical Thinking Exercises
Case Study One
Case Study Two
References and Further Reading
Chapter 10: Emerging Issues, Hybridization of Healthcare and the Way Forward for Indigenous Health
Emerging Issues
Idle No More
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
The Hybridisation of Healthcare
Making Native Space Without Eliminating Professional Space
Inuulitsivik Maternities
Professional Development for Healthcare Personnel
Cultural Sensitivity, Epistemological Accommodation and Indigenous Health
The Limits of Accommodation—From Both Sides
Reconciling Indigenous Standards With Professional Standards
Recognizing That Indigenous Priorities Include Good Health
Maintaining Quality of Care
Yukon Hospital First Nations Health Program
Lessons From Other Epistemological Encounters
Overcoming Resistance
Building a Hybrid Healthcare System
Critical Thinking Exercises
References and Further Reading
Index